Throughout many centuries, until the period of overall reform by Selim III, the Ottoman sultans carried out their relations with foreign rulers in the form of ad hoc diplomacy. Although that was the general practice of the ...

Since the Russian intervention in the Syrian crisis and Turkey’s subsequent downing of a Russian jet within the Syrian border in 2015, Russia has become a decisive actor influencing the course of Turkish foreign policy in ...

Russia-Turkey relations since 1991 reveal the Near Abroad and regionalism/zero problems with the neighbours policies, which stipulate strong ties with the immediate outer circles in each state’s case. This inevitably ...

The once-and-for-all change in the end of 1980s brought with it new states in the Balkans, which propelled renewed Turkish policy formulation vis-à-vis the region. The post-Cold War timeline of Turkish-Balkan relations ...