Objectives: First study aims to develop the Gambling Disorder Screening Test (GDST), a standardized measure that assesses symptoms and prevalence of gambling disorder (GD) regarding the American Psychiatric Association ...

Background: Previous research on gaming disorder (GD) used psychometric tools, which evaluates according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) diagnostic framework. The Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), a standardized ...

The main aims of the current study were to test the factor structure, reliability and validity of the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), a standardized measure to assess symptoms and prevalence ...

Self-Directed Learning Scale (SDLS) developed by Lounsbury, Levy, Park, Gibson, and Smith (2009) was used for determining individuals' self-directed learning. The purpose of this study was to translate the SDLS into Turkish ...