In this study, we investigate the performance of different optimization algorithms in estimating the Markov switching (MS) deterministic components of the traditional ADF test. For this purpose, we consider Broyden, Fletcher, ...

This study examines whether the contribution of renewable energy to the total primary energy supply converges in a panel of 24 OECD countries over the period 1960–2020. To this end, a new panel unit root test that allows ...

Real interest rate is a crucial variable that determines the consumption, investment and saving behavior of individuals and thereby acts as a key policy tool that the central banks use to control the economy. Although many ...